Qualitative research is a method of collecting data that does not involve numbers. It is used to understand human behavior, attitudes, beliefs and personality traits. It is different from quantitative research as it does not rely on numbers and statistics. Qualitative research questions encourage open-ended, non-biased and evolving responses. The study design is flexible and iterative, which can be adapted and refined throughout the research process. Purposeful sampling is a frequent method for selecting those who are the most pertinent to the study subject. Theoretically, saturation determines the number of observations when no discoveries or perspectives are forthcoming. Data can be collected employing many approaches, including Observation Methods, In-Depth/one-on-one Interviews and Document Review. The data is collected via audio recordings and tagged for analysis using qualitative information management software. Navigation, checklists, reflexivity and stakeholder involvement are all possible criteria for warranting research quality. Qualitative research serves different purposes, such as describing the existing situation, exploring the reasons or connections between things, evaluating the effectiveness of what exists and helping to develop new strategies. However, it has some limitations. Qualitative research is a valuable tool that can offer detailed insights and encourage openness. However, it can be time-consuming to deal with complex and evolving questions. Additionally, it may not be readily generalizable due to its limited number of participants and making systematic comparisons can be challenging as responses may vary subjectively. Despite these limitations, qualitative research can accurately simulate individual experiences and help avoid pre-judgments. This brief overview aims to provide an understanding of the different types, uses and evaluations of qualitative research methods, specifically in healthcare research.

Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) transmits syphilis through sexual contact or perinatal transmission. T pallidum is widely known for being invasive and immune-evasive; its clinical symptoms are commonly mistaken for those of other diseases due to localized inflammatory responses to multiplying spirochetes. Complement fixation and precipitation/flocculation assays were developed in the early 20^th century, and they were frequently combined to boost sensitivity and specificity because many cases were challenging. Despite a lifetime of negative anti-lipoidal serology, syphilis sequelae often develop. Treponemal tests (TPI, introduced in 1949) substantially improved sensitivity and reduced the number of false positives, but they were insensitive for primary syphilis. The teaching hospitals in Vienna have long confirmed that the TPHA discovers almost twice as many instances that aren’t found as the VDRL. Numerous active cases without VDRL reactions were discovered using the avidity/affinity index (Boltzmann Institute for Serodiagnosis, Vienna) as a substitute for the IgM antibody. Despite these improvements, Ontario’s Public Health Laboratory has discovered that gay men who are HIV antibody (+) selectively lose their treponemal antibody, making it hard to detect the incidence of syphilis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition causing joint inflammation and damage. Despite treatment progress, effective topical therapies pose challenges. Animal models, like Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) and Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA), mimic RA pathogenesis, aiding preclinical evaluation of topical treatments. By studying these models, experts can assess the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of novel topical treatments, thereby accelerating their translation into clinical practice. Optimizing drug delivery, bioavailability and minimizing side effects are critical in formulation development. Animal studies refine parameters such as vehicle selection, drug concentration and application frequency for maximal therapeutic benefit. These models also deepen understanding of RA mechanisms, informing targeted topical therapy design against specific inflammatory mediators or immune cells. Lastly, animal models accelerate topical RA treatment development, providing vital data and mechanistic insights. Leveraging these models enhances formulation safety and efficacy, potentially improving patient outcomes.

Design and optimization are pivotal in a pharmaceutical company’s formulation and manufacturing process. Various approaches and methodologies are employed in formulation design. A quantitative adjustment to a component, ingredient, or process variable is made while maintaining control over other independent components to monitor their influence on quality attributes. However, investigating these components together poses challenges, potentially leading to misinterpretation of experimental results. To resolve this, simultaneous design and development process modification can be achieved using the design of experiment methodologies, such as Central Composite Design (CCD). CCD effectively evaluates the interaction effects of numerous elements on product quality and outcomes. It has been successfully applied across various studies to develop and enhance formulations. This review provides insights into CCD, including its varieties, a comparison with other experimental designs, applications in pharmaceutical formulation, experimental design data analysis, optimization techniques, benefits and advantages, case studies, integration with Quality by Design (QbD) and regulatory considerations.

A potential development in medication administration, transferosomes are lipid-based vesicles that have been designed with edge activators, especially for transdermal and transmucosal uses. Transferosomes, which are mostly made of phospholipids enhanced with surfactants, are remarkably flexible and facilitate the effective passage of both hydrophilic and lipophilic medicines across biological barriers. Because of their deformability, drugs can more easily pass through microscopic pores and intercellular gaps. A wide variety of pharmaceuticals may be encapsulated in transferosomes, which have benefits include prolonged release patterns, defence against enzymatic degradation, and the ability to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds at the same time. They are useful for systemic and topical drug administration due to their capacity to evade hepatic first-pass metabolism; they may also find use in targeted treatment and extended-release formulations. Despite their benefits, transferosomes have drawbacks, such as the high expense of Chemical instability and natural phospholipids. Exact control over vesicle properties is possible by a variety of production techniques, including as centrifugation, sonication, and thin film hydration. size analysis, entrapment efficiency, deformability, and stability assessment are all included in characterization approaches. Transferosomes are useful for delivering tiny molecules, proteins, and peptides. They can also be used to improve oral bioavailability, improve topical medication administration, and perhaps transform vaccine delivery and ocular applications.

Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) are now being utilized more frequently in experimental research on cancer treatments, which has become one of the most difficult problems in medical science. The fundamental objective of this research is to use nanotechnology to effectively treat and eradicate advanced or metastatic cancer with the fewest possible negative effects. The fact that MNPs can be bound to chemotherapeutic medications, nucleic acids, synthesized antibodies, or radionuclide compounds is taken into account by drug delivery methods. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, MNPs can be guided and various treatment modalities can be used. This research examines the function of MNPs in cancer imaging and diagnostics as well as several MNP manufacturing techniques. In addition to all of these, information on the use of MNPs for the treatment of breast malignancies from clinical trials and scholarly prospection has been compiled.

Vitamin D has a crucial role in maintaining thyroid and immune function. In hypothyroidism, the gland is underactive and Vitamin D impacts this condition. Vitamin D regulates gene expression in thyroid hormone synthesis and influences the immune system, affecting overall thyroid health. From the literatures, it is evident that hypothyroidism is correlated with hypovitaminosis D. The immune-mediated properties of Vitamin D reduce the symptoms of hypothyroidism caused by autoimmune conditions. Understanding the correlation of Vitamin D with hypothyroidism is crucial as it holds potential therapeutic implications. Maintaining adequate Vitamin D improves gland function and prevents disease-related complications.

The gut microbiome is being frequently acknowledged for its impact on intestinal and extra-intestinal conditions, notably cancer. Here, diet is the most extensively researched modulator of gut microbiota among various environmental factors, demonstrating the ability to enrich its diversity and composition. Recent insights from clinical and preclinical trials emphasize the reciprocal influence between gut microbiota and anticancer therapies, impacting treatment responses and mitigating associated toxicities. Understanding these intricate connections is pivotal, given the potential of the gut microbiota to enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic agents while reducing their adverse effects. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, employing keywords like “gut microbiome,” “cancer therapy,” “chemotherapy,” “diet,” and “microbial fermentation.” Thus, this review seeks to examine the interplay between the gut microbiome and cancer therapies, while also delving into nutritional strategies that can modulate the gut microbiome to improve cancer treatments.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) have claimed millions of lives, despite the efforts of medical professionals. There are several treatment methods for blocking a few neurohormonal cascades; however, it is debatable because there are few hypotheses, which claim that in Heart Failure (HF), these systems tend to activate potential counter-regulatory mechanisms. Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI) are developed to modulate both Renin-Angiotensi n-Aldosterone-System and Natriuretic Peptide, regulating neurohormonal cascade in HF. LCZ696 (Sacubitril/Valsartan) is the first-in-class ARNI, approved for managing HF. Initially, ARNI was developed to manage Hypertension, later the FDA regulatory label was expanded for the management of HF. Dapagliflozin belongs to the class of SGLT2 inhibitors that have shown potentially beneficial effects in HF. Would the two medications, which have distinct mechanisms of action but a similar effect-a decrease in the risk of HF-show additive or synergistic effects when taken together? India, known as “The Chronic Heart Disease Capital of the World”, is accounting sharp rise in sudden cardiac death with young adults being the worst sufferers. This review inference that, using ARNI and Dapagliflozin together may have a larger positive effect on HF patients’ quality of life by lowering their need for hospitalization due to HF deterioration.

Drug interactions represent a significant challenge in modern medicine, as the concomitant use of multiple medications is prevalent in-patient care. Understanding the mechanisms behind drug interactions, accurately assessing their occurrence and adopting effective management strategies are critical to optimizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing adverse events. This research paper provides a comprehensive review of drug interactions, focusing on their underlying mechanisms, methods for assessment and the implementation of management strategies in clinical practice.

The global impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARSCOV2) is profound, with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) presenting a clinical spectrum that leads to multi-systemic failure, particularly affecting the pancreas and resulting in diabetes and cardiovascular co-morbidities. Diabetes, the more life-threatening manifestation of COVID-19, is associated with a 30% higher fatality rate. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between Hyperglycaemia and hyper inflammation in individuals with post-COVID diabetes, emphasizing the risks of recurring hyperglycaemia and distinguishing it from conventional diabetes. Methodologically, data synthesis and extraction were conducted based on diabetes mellitus and recent studies on the impact of coronavirus, especially SARS, on the pancreas, utilizing articles from the Pubmed search engine. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients show a higher likelihood of concurrent conditions, including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Factors contributing to post-COVID diabetes include age, co-morbidities, pre-diabetic status, pre-existing micro-angiopathic disease burden, stress and direct links to elevated blood levels induced by cytokine storms or hyperinflammation from the diabetogenic virus. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential disruptions in glucose production and metabolism following COVID-19 infection. The recommendation is for individuals who have experienced COVID-19 to undergo rigorous glycemic screening approximately a month post-infection. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring and addressing alterations in glucose homeostasis as part of post-COVID-19 care. Further research and clinical observation are essential to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between COVID-19 and glycemic control. The key message emphasizes the comprehensive review of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the heightened risk of diabetes, advocating for vigilant post-infection glycemic screening and revealing potential disruptions in glucose metabolism.

Ebstien anomaly is a rare heart problem present at birth and has a varied clinical course, it’s a congenital heart defect of the tricuspid valve. We hereby describe a 13-year-old child, was presented with history of Ebstien anomaly with Ostium secundum Atrial Septal Defect (OS ASD) was diagnosed at 1 year of age, but surgical correction was not done in early decade due to financial problem. At admission, child was in shock and saturation was not maintaining, Echocardiogram examination revealed Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Ebstien anomaly, RA/ RV dilated, atrialised Right Ventricle (RV), Septal Tricuspid Leaflet (STL) displaced to the origin distance 5.6cm was noted, Grade 2+ Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR), Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP)-28 mmHg, no Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), normal Biventricular function. Child needed immediate surgical correction. Child was discharged with referral letter to higher centre.

This case report presents the clinical scenario of a 22 years old female patient with decade long history of seizure disorder and is on chronic anti-seizure management therapy. The patient’s initial symptoms manifested as lesions over the oral cavity, over the period of time the lesions progressed to scalp, chest and buttocks. Pemphigus is a rare heterogeneous group of autoimmune disease that affects the skin and the mucous membrane. A combination of inappropriate activation of host B lymphocytes producing intracellular ImmunoglobulinG antibodies and biochemical interactions results in the drug-induced pemphigus. Acantholypsia is the term for the process by which these auto antibodies target the desmogleins and split the cells in the epidermis. This case emphasizes the requisite for further research on understanding the effect of anti-seizure therapy.

Diabetes mellitus-related lower extremity amputation increases health burden and reduces patients’ quality of life, mortality and morbidity rate in a country like India. The most common complication in DM patients is uncontrolled hyperglycemia and foot ulceration. We report an unpredicted occurrence of right leg amputation in diabetic amputee patients. A 46-year-old male patient developed a complication to his contralateral limb due to poor negligence even after his first above-knee amputation; the patient was again readmitted for the below-knee amputation and hyperglycaemia. Although all the major complications of DM like hyperglycemia, cataracts, diabetic foot and diabetic foot amputation were found in the same index patient. The risk of amputation is high in diabetic patients and the prevalence of amputation is even extremely high in diabetic smokers. Hence proper lifestyle modification is needed along with dietary approaches to prevent and manage diabetes related complications. Regular foot examination and patient education are necessary which alerts the patient and family members to avoid the major risk of DM complications.

This case report presents the surgical management of a fibroadenoma in the left breast of a Nineteen-year-old female. The patient was exposed with the complaint of a palpable lump in her left breast, prompting further investigations. Ultrasonography revealed the presence of a lesion consistent with fibroadenoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent surgical excision of the lesion to alleviate discomfort and address diagnostic concerns. The procedure involved a Circumareolar incision followed by meticulous dissection and excision of the fibroadenoma lump. Postoperative evaluation confirmed successful removal of the lesion with resolution of associated symptoms. This case uplifts the importance of prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of benign breast masses in young patients to alleviate anxiety and ensure optimal positive outcomes.