The pathophysiology of vitiligo is very complex. It is an autoimmunity disease that cause white patches on the skin basically when decrease the melanin production in our body then they cause the skin depigmentation. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein is susceptible marker for the systemic inflammation in body. Interlukins-6 and TNF-alpha is the inflammation mediator they cause systemic inflammation. When the nutrient deficiency then increases the level of homocysteine because they inhibit the tyrosine enzyme by binding with copper and it is reversible hypopigmentation. The S100B Protein is increase in the patient of vitiligo this protein is react with less than 6 months in all vitiligo patient when the rapidity increases the concentration of S100B protein in the patients they cause the neuronal dysfunction and cell death it produces pro-inflammatory cytokines that are harmful for the tissue. The Neutrophil growth factor is also the factor of causing the depigmentation of skin because when the person is surfer from the schizophrenia, depression and other mental disorder they are also cause the depigmentation. When the decrease the Vitamin D level in our body then they cause the different disease such as diabetes mellitus, Rheumatoid arthritis, depigmentation, multiple sclerosis and other disease.

Dermatophytosis, a common fungal skin infection, is a pressing global health issue, especially in underdeveloped regions where resistance to all antifungal classes is prevalent. While tinea infections are superficial, they can spread extensively, leading to significant socio-economic burdens and decreased quality of life. Early diagnosis and intervention are vital to combat resistance and recurrence. However, traditional topical antifungal therapies face challenges in penetrating and being retained by the skin, reducing their effectiveness. This review aims to explore innovative therapeutic strategies to enhance drug delivery for the treatment of dermatophytosis. Nanocarrier systems have emerged as a promising approach, with the potential to facilitate targeted delivery of antifungal drugs through the skin's natural barrier. Various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, niosomes and polymeric nanoparticles, have significant potential for delivering drugs with unstable physiochemical characteristics. Additionally, formulations combining antifungals with hydrating agents may significantly enhance topical therapy efficacy, particularly for recalcitrant infections associated with compromised skin barrier function. This comprehensive review will delve into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of dermatophytosis, with an emphasis on the potential of novel nanocarrier systems and optimized formulations to address the growing challenge of antifungal resistance in resource-limited settings. By exploring these advanced strategies, we can work towards improving treatment outcomes for dermatophytosis and alleviating the burden of these persistent infections.

Psoriasis, a prevalent autoimmune disorder, presents significant challenges due to its chronic inflammatory nature and multifactorial etiology, involving both genetic tendency and environmental factors. Conventional therapies, while providing symptomatic relief, often stay behind to achieve sustained remission. This review explores advancements in psoriasis treatment, emphasizing the emergence of targeted therapies and biologics as the priority in enhancing disease management. Focus is on plaque psoriasis, the most common clinical subtype and the role of Roflumilast, a Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in modern therapeutic approaches. Roflumilast exerts immunomodulatory effects by increasing intracellular cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP), which attenuates inflammation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation, key pathological features of psoriasis. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using scholarly databases and clinical trial registries. Key terms such as “Psoriasis treatment,” “PDE4 inhibitors,” “Roflumilast,” “Targeted therapy,” and “Therapeutic efficacy” guided the search. Priority was given to randomized controlled trials, observational studies and meta-analyses to ensure robust data inclusion. Clinical evidence suggests that Roflumilast exhibits a favorable safety profile compared to conventional treatments. Highlighting findings include rapid clinical improvement, patients achieving clear or almost clear skin within weeks and fewer adverse effects, indicating its efficacy and tolerability. This review brings to light Roflumilast’s potential to revolutionize psoriasis treatment, offering improved outcomes and safety. While additional research is inevitable to establish its long-term safety profile, Roflumilast represents a promising step forward in enhancing patient quality of life and reshaping psoriasis management.

Herbal therapy is the application of herbal remedies to prevent and treat illness. It encompasses a variety of practices, from the use of standardized and treated herbal extracts to traditional and popular medicines used worldwide. Many skin conditions and wounds are treated with herbal extracts and isolated plant compounds. Different portions of plants, such as stems, leaves, flowers, roots, or seeds, are used in herbal medicine, also known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine, to treat and prevent diseases. Improved general health and well-being are common goals of using herbal remedies. They are accessible in various forms, including dried or fresh plants, tablets, capsules, teas and extracts. Herbal remedies consist of vitamins, minerals, herbs, or mixtures of these that are taken orally. Herbs like Arnica Montana, German chamomile, St. John's Wort, Evening Primrose and others have been used in studies to treat dermatological conditions like dermatitis, acne, wounds, burns and psoriasis. Additionally, to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of topical formulations and comprehend their penetration and distribution in the skin layers, dermatokinetic research techniques like the tape stripping technique, microdialysis, vasoconstrictor assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy have been used. Dermatokinetic research aims to lighten topically applied herbal compounds' pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability by examining their Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME). Dermatokinetic studies, which assess herbal compounds' systemic exposure and potential toxicity, helps establish safe dosage schedules and formulation techniques.

The primary goal of this review is to highlight the anti-cancer activity of class of Anti-metabolites derivatives particularly emphasizing purine, pyrimidine and pteridine/folate antagonists as chemotherapeutic agents. The most of the anticancer agents contain heterocyclic moiety in their chemical structure, including purines, pyrimidine and pteridine/folate antagonists which is important in elucidating their mechanism of action and effectiveness against cancer. The etiology and statistical data explore the pivot role for designing drugs in chemotherapy. The derivatives categorized under anti-metabolites usually disrupt essential cellular processes by mimicking endogenous molecules. These agents interfere with DNA or RNA synthesis thereby causing cell death in rapidly dividing tumor cells. As per this present review study, the structure requirements for anti-tumor activity were analyzed through structure activity relationship that explores the pivot role for the synthesis of new purine, pyrimidine and pteridine based drugs in chemotherapy on cancer prevalence for the future benefit and this class of antimetabolites shows some prominent therapeutic properties both in vivo and in vitro, providing an additional rationale for its use in the maintenance therapy and also in the management of wide variety of disorders, predominantly cancer. In this review, we have also tabulated the clinical significance of purines, pyrimidines and folate-based drugs such as Thioguanine, Mercaptopurine, 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate against various cancer types, discussing their efficacy and impact on patient outcomes. In the context of anticancer therapy, this review provides a comprehensive summary about the substitution in the anti-metabolites drugs their synthesis has potential benefit in the medical and pharmaceutical aid.

Novasomes, a new drug carrier developed by Novavax, offers enhanced absorption and reduced side effects compared to traditional forms. These multilayered vesicles, with a diameter of 200-700 nm, maintain stability across pH and temperature ranges. They can be positively, negatively, or neutrally charged, enhancing drug encapsulation efficiency. Novasomes are versatile pharmaceutical tools used for treating ophthalmic conditions and fungal infections, improving drug bioavailability, stability, and penetration. Their ability to encapsulate a variety of drugs makes them suitable for a wide range of therapeutic applications, showing promising results in enhancing drug efficacy and improving patient outcomes. Their unique structural properties enable controlled drug release, and their excellent safety profile, demonstrated in numerous studies, supports their potential use in pharmaceutical technology, providing reassurance to the audience. Novasome's disadvantages include the requirement for specialized equipment for production and the possibility of skin irritation. Nonetheless, they are a good choice for several medicinal applications due to their advantages in improving drug delivery. Characterization techniques include FTIR, permeation studies, DSC, zeta potential measurement, drug release, vivo studies, and stability studies. Innovative drug delivery systems, such as Novasomes, have shown promising results in improving drug efficacy and patient outcomes. They reduce systemic side effects by targeting the affected area and lowering drug dosages, minimizing potential adverse reactions. Future studies can concentrate on examining how novasome technology might be used to deliver a greater variety of drugs and vaccines, as well as creating more effective and efficient processes for developing novasome vesicles.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered interest for their potential anti-convulsant properties, offering a promising approach to epilepsy treatment. Their unique physicochemical traits, such as a large surface area and inherent antioxidant capacities, make ZnO NPs potent inhibitors of oxidative stress, a key factor in epileptogenesis. Experimental models have shown that ZnO NPs can reduce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels and protect against brain injury. By influencing neurotransmitter release, including glutamate and GABA, ZnO NPs help maintain the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain, potentially reducing seizure likelihood. Their nanoscale size facilitates effective blood-brain barrier crossing, enhancing the bioavailability of traditional anti-convulsant medications and boosting their therapeutic effects. ZnO NPs offer neuroprotection by regulating calcium influx and preserving neuronal membranes, defending neurons against excitotoxicity, common in seizures. Additionally, they enhance drug delivery by acting as carriers, increasing the bioavailability of standard anti-epileptic drugs and potentially improving treatment outcomes while minimizing side effects. In conclusion, ZnO NPs antioxidant properties, neurotransmission modulation, and drug delivery capabilities position them as a promising adjunct therapy for epilepsy. Further research is essential to maximize their therapeutic potential and ensure safety.

Psychological or behavioural tendencies that significantly impair one or more key areas of functioning or cause significant distress are considered psychological disorders. Psychological disorders exist in a wide variety, with their own set of signs and causes. Transport of drugs to brain takes place by one of the four methods namely, transport across blood brain barrier, nanoparticles, intracerebral implants and intranasal route. Using nanoparticles through intranasal route has shown great potential for targeted delivery to the brain. It is considered advantageous because of its as low dosing, biocompatibility and its versatility to encapsulate both hydrophobic and lipophilic drugs. Lipid based nanoparticles are prepared using two major components lipids and surfactants which aid in transport of drug to the brain. These particles can be categorised into liposomes and its modifications, solid-lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Each category has its own advantages which can be used for advancements in the drug delivery to the brain. This review focuses on the types of lipid-based nanoparticles and the recent research done on the same. More research and clinical trials are required to bring this novel method from laboratory to the market.

Among many molecular and cellular level elements which are involved in the development of hypertension, generation of reactive oxygen species not only involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension but also contribute to the cellular processes involved in the complication of hypertension. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) influences cellular processes (renal, immune, renin-angiotensin system) in the system that led to the increase in blood pressure. Hypertension leads to many complications like hypertensive retinopathy, stroke and Hypertensive Nephropathy (HN). Reactive oxygen species generation lead to oxidative stress which in turn activate NLRP3 inflammasome. This activated NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the pathogenesis of Hypertensive Nephropathy (HN). ROS initiated activation of inflammasome and progression of hypertensive nephropathy can be controlled by making various therapeutic interventions which involved controlling of blood pressure, supplementation of nitric oxide, inhibition of ROS and inhibition of renin angiotensin system. This review article collected latest literature by using google scholar, Pubmed, Scopus and explained the pathogenesis of HN and therapeutic intervention by schematic diagrams. This review article also highlighted the significance of herbal medicine to arrest the progression of hypertensive nephropathy by citing literature related to phytomedicine.

The disorder is known as Dermatomyositis, a rare autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation of the muscles and specific types of skin rashes. The case report presents a 33-year-old woman with hypothyroidism that developed progressive muscular weakness, mobility problems and new rashes around her eyes. Her major symptoms included difficulty in walking without assistance and general body weakness. Physical examination at admission showed significant truncal weakness as well as reduced reflexes. Lab tests indicated increased TSH levels, CKMM, as well as low vitamin D3 levels; muscle biopsy confirmed dermatomyositis. This was further proved by other examinations including MRI and nerve conduction studies. Systemic glucocorticoids, methotrexate, Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IvIg) and supportive therapies were given to the patient leading to remarkable improvement in muscle power and the disappearance of lesions on her skin. This particular case stands out because it involves both hypothyroidism and dermatomyositis concurrently indicating that some overlapping autoimmune diseases might be present in this patient population. This underscores the importance of an integrated diagnostic approach involving biopsy of muscles, enzyme assays and imaging for accurate diagnosis and management of dermatomyositis. The treatment plan for refractory cases that consisted of IVIG demonstrated positive results thus implying individualized interventions are effective. Therefore, this case illustrates the significance of a multidisciplinary approach to managing dermatomyositis, especially in patients with other autoimmune diseases and underlines the need for close observation, personalized therapy schedules and supportive measures to optimize results.