Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disease with an unknown aetiology affecting the biological functions of the brain. It is a psychiatric condition affecting both genders irrespective of race, social class and residential status. Globally lifetime of disease is 0.4%, with a 2.5% mortality rate. Schizophrenic patients die at a young age, about 15-20 years earlier than the general population. Premature death in schizophrenic patients is mainly due to physical illness in the form of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Seventy-five percent of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia exhibit a minimum of one physical illness and it is more complicated if symptoms are severe. Long-term drug therapy is an eminent risk factor for developing physical illnesses. There is no known cure for schizophrenia; thus, it requires lifelong treatment with antipsychotics. Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs), except clozapine are the first-line drugs for treating schizophrenia. These agents are likely to develop cardiovascular and metabolic side effects like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, weight gain, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Another contributing factor is a sedentary lifestyle. Ignoring these factors while undergoing treatment may result in increased burden, decreased quality of life and shorter life expectancy. Clinical pharmacists have a vital role in managing these patients through proper counselling and medication monitoring for better control of the illness.

Osteoporosis diagnosis relies primarily on a clinical assessment involving the observation of signs and symptoms. The origins of this disorder may be either causative or risk-related, with some factors being preventable while others are not. Treatment modalities are diverse, constantly under study for improved outcomes and aimed at minimizing adverse effects from various therapeutic approaches.This study aims to comprehensively explorethe etiology, pathophysiology and advancements in osteoporosis management. A thorough review was conducted, utilizing an extensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE databases spanning from January 1987 to March 2023. The search terms included “osteoporosis,” “etiology of osteoporosis,” “pathophysiology,” “clinical features,” and “treatment of osteoporosis.” The osteoporosis treatment mainly combinations with or without drug therapy and ensure the sufficient intake of the calcium ion and assess the levels of vitamin D. diminish the polypharmacy, particularly with tranquilizer. Bisphosphonates are the main medicament for the treatment of osteoporosis but should be taken separately from food due to poor absorption. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of numerous treatment options, including novel drugs and their combinations with or without non-pharmacological therapies, demonstrating promising results. Further research is imperative to implement advanced regimens for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Several studies have established that diabetes can exacerbate the neurodegeneration process. Some studies have reported the potential use of medicinal plants to inhibit neurodegenerative activities in diabetes. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate the potential of medicinal plants to ameliorate neurodegenerative activities in diabetes. This systematic review was reported according to PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search was performed in four databases which were PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Seven articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for reporting this review. The medicinal plants reported in these articles were studied for their blood glucose lowering effect, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and cognitive improvement ability through a behavioural test known as the Morris water maze. The medicinal plants such as Liuwei Dihuang Decoction (LWDHD), Flos Puerariae Extract (FPE), methanolic leaf extract of Peristrophe bicalyculata (MEPb), Ethanol Extract of Clitorea ternatea (EECT), Lychee Seed Extract (LSE) Andrographis paniculata extract (AP), andrographolide and Petroleum Ether Extract of Carica papaya Seeds (PEECPS) have shown significant result in Morris water maze test and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, suggesting their ability to improve cognitive behaviour. They were also reported to have blood glucose lowering effect except for MEPb. LWDHD, FPE, MEPb, EECT, LSE, AP, andrographolide and PEECPS reported in these articles have shown potential in improving cognitive behaviour of diabetic animals. They were also reported to have anti-diabetic effects except for MEPb. However, more studies and research should be conducted to ensure the potential and safe use of these medicinal plants.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common diabetic complications which can lead to vision loss if left unattended. Medicinal plants are considered as a treatment option for its lesser side effects. Given the overwhelming number of studies on various medicinal plants using different subjects, this systematic review aims to update the current status of the potential of medicinal plants in ameliorating DR. Literature from the years 2011 to 2020 was retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases using the search terms: Medicinal plants AND (diabetes OR hyper glycaemia) AND retinopathy. The PRISMA guidelines were adhered to for reporting the systematic review, while the SYRCLE tool was used to assess the risk of bias in animal studies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established for selecting compatible studies. Based on these criteria, four out of 439 studies were selected: Studies on DR in rats included three or more assays for measuring retinal vascular permeability, VEGF protein and gene expressions and body weight. An additional six studies from a manual search brought the total to ten selected studies. All studied medicinal plants demonstrated potential in ameliorating DR, based on their downregulation of diabetes-induced retinal vascular leakage and VEGF expressions. Medicinal plants with significant potential in attenuating DR included Zingiberzerumbet rhizomes and its active ingredient, zerumbone; Lycium barbarum; Plantaginis semen; and apocynin. The aqueous extracts of Radix astragali, Radix angelica sinensis, Panax notoginseng, Lycopus lucidus Turcz and total lignans from Fructus arctii can be further evaluated in future studies.

This review explores the diverse properties and applications of Annona muricata, referred to as soursop or graviola. The historical significance of medicinal herbs, particularly Annona muricata, was used in ancient medical practices which produce a variety of chemical compounds, including those of defense mechanisms against pests, diseases, fungi and herbivorous mammals. One of the key highlights of A. muricata is its role as a rich source of essential nutrients, including metals that play pivotal roles as cofactors in biochemical processes. This plant has garnered attention for its therapeutic properties in traditional medicine to address many maladies. A. muricata’s medicinal properties include treating fever, acne, insomnia, hypertension, respiratory disorders, parasitic and bacterial infections, inflammation, diabetes and cancer. This review explores the scientific basis behind these traditional uses, focusing on the biochemical mechanisms that underlie A. muricata’s therapeutic. Furthermore, this review discusses the global prevalence of A. muricata, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions and its adaptation to diverse environmental conditions, highlighting its promising role in addressing contemporary health challenges.

The field of ufasomes has great promise for revolutionizing drug delivery. Ufasomes have the potential to overcome limitations, enhance medicine and therapy and pave the way for future pharmacological formulations that are more effective and patient-friendly with more research and development. Ufasomes are suspensions of a closed lipid bilayer made up of fatty acids and their ionized species. They are unsaturated fatty acid vesicles with a pH range of 7-9. The primary benefit of ufasomes is that they are mostly composed of fatty acids, which allow them to readily permeate skin and exhibit systemic activity. Ufasomes demonstrate specific medication delivery. There are several kinds of preparation techniques, including vortex mixing, the autopoietic process, the round bottom flask method and thin film layer hydration. Alcohol and cholesterol are added during the preparation of ufasomes. The paper examines ufasome characteristics, pharmacokinetics, uses, advantages, disadvantages and applications. These vesicles have uses in nutrition encapsulation, drug delivery and cosmetic development.

Atherosclerosis is a primary factor in many cardiovascular diseases. Current treatments lack effectiveness in reducing the risk and progression of the disease, highlighting the need for better preventive measures. Precision medicine in cardiology offers personalized and patient-centered approaches to disease prevention and treatment. Innovations like machine learning and AI-assisted therapies are being explored to combat atherosclerosis, drawing from network medicine principles. This personalized approach involves analyzing gene regulation, metabolic pathways and protein interactions through mRNA therapeutics and immunomodulation techniques. Precision medicine shows promise in cardiovascular pharmacology by enabling targeted drug delivery and minimizing side effects. The review discusses AI-assisted drug discovery tools for individualized therapy and future prospects in nucleic acid-based treatments like antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics, aptamer therapy, siRNA-mediated treatments and gene slicing in precision medicine.

Diabetic neuropathy is a prevalent and painful condition impacting the nervous system and a common clinical consequence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Effective management of various forms of Diabetic Neuropathy (DN), such as peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, proximal neuropathy and mononeuropathy, remains challenging. Management of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients may delay the onset of diabetic neuropathic conditions. Recently, considerable research on natural products, including isolating bioactive phytochemicals from plants and investigating their potential impact on DN, is underway. Flavonoids are abundant secondary metabolites in plants and this review primarily focuses on the possible applications of key flavonoids (such as quercetin, rutin, catechin, diosmin, kaempferol and naringin) for preventing and treating DN. In recent times, herbal medicine, especially flavonoids for treating pain, inflammation, DM and other conditions, has been investigated thoroughly to develop them as promising candidates for DN. This paper discusses the probable mechanism of action of flavonoids against DN. Clinical and pharmaceutical challenges for the management of DN and developing flavonoids as drug molecules targeting DN are also highlighted.

Thiazide Induced Hyponatremia (TIH) is one of the main causes of fatal hyponatremia among elderly. The global and Indian prevalence ranges from 4-14% and 30%, respectively. This paper reviewed the clinical implications of thiazide usage and its side effect especially hyponatremia from the global and Indian perspective. A literature review was performed using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar between January and May, 2023. This review deals with prevalence, mechanism of TIH development, risk factor, signs and symptoms, mortality, treatment modalities of hyponatremia, pharmacist roles and prevention. Advancing age, female gender, alcohol consumption, low body mass index, several medications such as antidepressants, antiepileptics, corticosteroid withdrawal, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, etc., are also the risk factor for TIH. The signs and symptoms include headache, lethargy, mental confusion, etc., The mortality rate in India varies from 7-51%. The management is influenced by the presence or absence of neurologic symptoms. Treatment involves stopping thiazides, maintaining a regular diet (especially K+ supplements), limiting water intake, furosemide administration and administering isotonic saline or hypertonic saline in case of severe hyponatremia. Clinical pharmacists have an important role in identifying and managing TIH. Early diagnosis, better management and prevention strategies improve the quality of life among elderly.

Vascular endothelial growth factor i.e., VEGF inhibitor, Ranibizumab (RNZB) has altered ophthalmology as it is providing a treatment option for a range of retinal disorders. The pharmacological attributes of RNZB in relation to ophthalmic applications are explored in this work. It explores its present applications for diseases like diabetic retinal disease along with age-related macular degeneration. The dissertation also addresses current studies on RNZB’s potential to treat additional ocular conditions. Through an analysis of both well-established uses and intriguing novel avenues, this study offers a thorough grasp of RNZB’s current and potential future roles in ophthalmology. Furthermore, we investigate new developments and potential paths in the creation of innovative formulations, combination treatments, and targeted drug delivery systems with the goal of improving the effectiveness and long-term viability of RNZB therapy. Through the integration of current and future perspectives, this study aims to outline a path forward for optimising RNZB’s therapeutic value, ultimately enhancing the paradigm for managing ocular illnesses that pose a threat to vision. Researchers offer a thorough summary of the molecular pathways that RNZB targets and its effects on pathological angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and the resolution of macular edoema by synthesising the available data.

The traditional preventive method for treating decay often entails resin-based sealants, topical fluoride application and Glass Ionomer based sealants (GIC sealants). At present, topical fluoride application is less effective when compared with the pit and fissure sealant, as resin sealants were mentioned to be efficient in preventing occlusal cavities in both primary and permanent teeth by formation of resin tags. However, moisture contamination is a more common problem encountered with hydrophobic sealants, but not with GIC sealants, as they are not as moisture sensitive as hydrophobic resins. Hence, hydrophilic sealants were developed. Therefore, this current systematic review evaluated the current literature on the efficacy of caries prevention and retention between moisture-tolerant resin and GIC -based sealants among children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Clinical trials assessing the effectiveness of Moisture Tolerant resin and GIC based sealant among 6-18 years of age groups, the follow-up duration exceedingly over 6 months were added. Two reviewers (J;JJ) extracted data data separately from the included publications, which they then integrated. Cochrane risk of assessment tool {RoB2} was used to evaluate the study's quality. Following six and twelve months, there was statistical significance in the caries prevention and retention of moisture tolerant resin-based sealants over GIC based sealants. The retention of moisture-tolerant sealants was statistically significant in all five of the selected experiments when compared to GIC sealants, showing the effectiveness of moisture-tolerant sealants in terms of retention.

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is still one of the most aggressive and resistant brain tumours, and current treatment options provide only minimal improvements in survival. Effective drug delivery is severely hampered by the complexity of GBM, which is defined by its heterogeneity and the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The most recent developments in precision drug delivery technology are examined in this study to address these issues and enhance treatment outcomes for GBM patients. We discuss various innovative approaches, including nanoparticle-based systems, bioconjugates, ligand-targeted therapies, and gene delivery platforms. These technologies are specifically engineered to enhance drug penetration across the BBB, target tumour-specific pathways, and minimise off-target effects, thereby potentially revolutionizing GBM treatment. The review also addresses the challenges associated with clinical translation, including regulatory hurdles, safety concerns, and the need for scalable manufacturing processes. This review endeavours to offer a comprehensive overview of the potential of precision drug delivery to facilitate more personalised and effective GBM therapies in the near future by emphasising the most promising strategies and emergent trends in the field.

An array of clinical manifestations, majority of which are relevant to dose and fade away after drug discontinuation, may accompany drug-induced nail abnormalities, but rarely do they endure over a long time. However, only a few groups of medications are reliably implicated in nail symptoms. Chemotherapeutic drugs have well-known effects on organs that include hair, skin and the digestive tract, which present clinically as exfoliative contact dermatitis, receding hair loss respectively. As a “skin” appendage, Nails are not an exemption. Patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy may experience an assortment of nail anomalies with chemotherapeutic drugs being the most common contributors. These alterations might only affect just one or many nails and could lead to discomfort and pain Nails. Transverse Lines can be passed down genetically or triggered by a range of illnesses and drugs. We report a case of a cancer patient who experienced transverse leukonychia as a result of antineoplastic therapy.

Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition characterized by scattered patches of hair loss on the body and scalp. Hair loss can be a cause of psychological stress and sufferers may suffer from social phobia, anxiety and depression. Even though there are many treatment options available in modern medicine, they have their own limitation which needs to be addressed. In Siddha system of medicine, a topical applicant named “Pancharatna Kalimbu” is used for the management of Alopecia areata, known as “Puzhuvettu” This medicine can be used a standalone drug in the management of Alopecia areata. As this is topical medicine, it can be administered to children who resist taking any kind of internal medicines, injections, or other treatments. Hence, this case report proves it efficacy which may be effective as a best alternate for treating children.

This case report outlines the clinical presentation and management of a 35-year-old female diagnosed with Darier disease, a rare autosomal dominant disorder resulting from an ATP2A2 gene mutation. The patient's atypical disease course, featuring facial involvement and a history of psychosis and depression with characteristic features, such as hyperkeratotic papules and nail changes, were noted was managed with a three-month isotretinoin regimen and concurrent antipsychotic therapy for coexisting depression and psychosis. This case highlights the need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to address both dermatological and psychiatric aspects in the management of Darier disease. The coexistence of psychiatric conditions in the form of depression and psychosis adds complexity to the clinical picture. This case emphasizes the importance of considering these factors in the diagnosis and treatment of Darier disease.