Between the cells are present the gap junctions which are made up of proteins named connexins. The connexin family in humans has cell-specific roles consisting of 21 members and the most studied one is connexin 43. Connexins have a ubiquitous distribution and their function is in cell-cell communication and also a site for protein-protein interactions in regulating the signaling pathways. Their half-life is very short for 5 hours with Cx46 present in lens fibres and Cx30 in keratinocytes being the exceptions. The normal physiology ensures the complete role of connexins and their dysfunction may result in genetic disorders (Eg: Mutations in Cx32 result in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy X type 1 characterised by progressive peripheral neuropathy), delayed wound healing, arrhythmia, etc. Its role in cancer is very complex making the connexins act as both suppressor and promoter for tumor progression. In therapeutics, connexins peptide mimetics are a good option since they mimic a particular sequence of connexins which enhances their specificity and inhibits the function of gap junction in animal models. By binding to the mRNA of connexins, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides downregulate connexins useful in skin wound healing and also in eye infections where treatment with AsODN was found to reduce scarring in animal studies. Repurposed drugs like modafinil and flecainide as low-dose glial connexin modulators and identification of the activity of clofazimine against connexins in trials show that targeting connexins shows promise in the future. Connexin modulators are now in trials for wound healing and to avoid off-targets, it is applied topically as a gel. This review will deal with the physiological role and highlight the pathological condition for which connexins can be a therapeutic target.
The global fight against Tuberculosis (TB) persists; grappling with approximately 10.6 million new cases in 2021, as documented in the 2022 WHO Global TB Report.
Cannabis sativa, commonly known as marijuana, has been historically used for medicinal and recreational purposes. It has been employed in the treatment of neurological conditions. Cannabidiol (CBD), the active component of cannabis, has shown therapeutic effects and has been studied extensively for its potential benefits in various neurological disorders using preclinical models. The objective of this review is to consolidate current research on CBD and its association with Apo-lipoprotein (ApoE) and other targets related to neurodegenerative diseases. A comprehensive search of the PubMed Scopus and google scholar databases was conducted using keywords such as CBD, Microglia activation, astrocytes, ApoE, mammalian target of Rapamycin and wingless-related integration site expression. The available evidence suggests that CBD does not significantly affect the endocannabinoid system, except in vitro at high concentrations, thereby generating considerable interest in its therapeutic potential. However, the current physiological targets for CBD are challenging to exploit for neurological treatment, leading to uncertain clinical findings. In certain cases, there is minimal or no correlation between the disease and the identified targets. This review examines the classic receptors, neurotransmitters and pathways associated with both ApoE and CBD. Additionally, several interconnected targets of CBD have been discovered that exhibit a relationship with a specific ApoE, rather than merely triggering its action. Various molecular targets of CBD have been identified for specific neurodegenerative diseases, playing a central role in the ApoE system.
Liver fibrosis is a widespread health issue brought on by a number of causes. A disease’s early diagnosis is crucial for improved patient management. Different causes of persistent liver damage can result in hepatic fibrosis. One of the most important steps in determining the disease’s severity is determining the degree of liver fibrosis. A disease’s early diagnosis is crucial for improved patient management. There are various traditional biomarkers present for diagnosing various stages of liver fibrosis, but these traditional biomarkers have certain limitations. Liver fibrosis having low specificity (ability to determine the etiology) and low sensitivity. In medical practice, test for liver fibrosis have limited usefulness (distinguish intermediate stages). A liver biopsy is a gold standard for evaluating the stage of hepatic fibrosis, despite the fact that it has many disadvantages. Over the past ten years, several noninvasive new markers for identifying the stage of hepatic fibrosis have been created. Some are comparable to liver biopsy and have solid validation. This article aimed that Novel diagnostic biomarkers may prove to be very helpful in the near future for identifying the stages of liver fibrosis and may be just as significant as liver biopsies in doing so.
One of the most crucial elements of cells that affect many organisms’ typical growth and function is Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs). In nutrition and well-being, omega-3 fatty acids, a crucial subtype of Polyunsaturated Fats (PUFAs), are sometimes referred to as “good fats.” Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) are the three main forms of Omega-3 fatty acids that are frequently present in meals and supplements. Omega-3 fatty acids may be found in both plants and animals. It has historically been utilised for topical fibrous dressings, dermatological applications, cutaneous wound healing, and infant health and development. Omega-3 fatty acids have a wide range of uses in terms of health advantages, including those for the heart, blood vessels, brain, eyes, inflammatory conditions, mental health, pregnancy and infant development, reduced inflammation, skin, cancer prevention, and weight management, among other things. Several enzymatic mechanisms are involved in the metabolism and conversion of omega-3 fatty acids in the human body, and these processes are crucial for preserving general health. There are fewer adverse effects than the number of uses, yet they are nevertheless noted since it might lead to allergy problems, excessive bleeding, and asthma. Another significant possible downside is that it may interact with the anticoagulant and statin medication classes. Therefore, utilise omega-3 fatty acids in conjunction with these two categories of medications with extreme caution. Scientists contend that, in contrast to other nutrients, omega-3s had a spike of scholarly and commercial activity ten years ago before waning. Every year, the industry is boosted by fresh research discoveries that either confirm prior findings or offer up new avenues for investigation. People will wish to profit from these advantages as global discretionary income grows, especially in Asia, thus the market will continue to expand as a result.
Hypothyroidism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) constitute prevalent endocrine conditions that have serious effects on the health of women. Hormonal dysregulation, ovarian dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology are hallmarks of PCOS, whereas insufficient thyroid hormone production causes hypothyroidism. This study explores the complex interactions between hypothyroidism and PCOS, highlighting the urgent need for a thorough understanding of their coexistence. It is crucial to understand that PCOS and hypothyroidism frequently co-occur since they both involve similar metabolic and hormonal dysregulations. The complex interrelationship between these illnesses is further highlighted by genetic predispositions and epigenetic changes. Clinical manifestations and reproductive issues in afflicted people are mostly influenced by hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities. It is crucial to use a multidisciplinary approach to patient treatment, collaborating with endocrinologists, gynaecologists, primary care doctors, nutritionists, and mental health specialists. This comprehensive approach takes into account not only the hormonal and metabolic components of PCOS and hypothyroidism but also the psychological well-being of persons dealing with these conditions. The importance of understanding and treating the interaction between PCOS and hypothyroidism in clinical practice is emphasized in this study. Improved results and a higher quality of life for afflicted people can result from early diagnosis and suitable care techniques. Future research initiatives on genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic issues also show potential for improving therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, eventually improving patient care. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges linked to PCOS and hypothyroidism, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive treatment plan for improved outcomes.
Background
Cross-linked networks of polymers are referred to as hydrogels because they possess the ability to retain water within the interstitial spaces of the polymer chains. The fundamental building block of life is a polymer. Researchers’ interest in polymers has expanded due to the widespread availability of polymers exhibiting desirable characteristics, a key factor in the development of contemporary healthcare products. The synthesis of hydrogels involves the integration of various natural polymers. In the realm of biomedical applications, hydrogels can be employed to deliver drugs or cells, regenerate both hard and soft tissues, adhere to moist tissues, halt bleeding, provide contrast during imaging, shield tissues or organs from radiation, and enhance the biological adaptability of therapeutic implants. These attributes render hydrogels advantageous for a diverse array of distinct and critical diseases and medical scenarios, as well as in less conventional fields such as environmental engineering.
Objectives
The primary objective of this review is to explore the literature related to hydrogels. This includes the classification of hydrogels, examination of natural polymers such as collagen, inulin, pectin, alginate, tragacanth, lignin, and chitosan, which are employed in hydrogel synthesis. The review also covers the general preparation of hydrogels, the methodologies involved in their preparation, common techniques used in characterization, release kinetics, and the diverse applications of hydrogels.
Conclusion
This research covers the study of natural polymers such as inulin, alginate, lignin, pectin, collagen, chitosan, and tragacanth, employed in the synthesis of hydrogels. The key areas of focus encompass the classification of hydrogels, procedures for hydrogel preparation, various methods for hydrogel characterization, in vitro and in vivo release kinetics of hydrogels, and the application of hydrogels prepared from specific natural polymers across diverse fields.
While determining suitable sample size and sampling is one of the most crucial factors to take into account during the planning stage of a research project, researchers sometimes encounter difficulties in this regard. Inadequate sample sizes are commonly used by researchers, which always results in inaccuracies in the conclusions. The purpose of this methodological review is to highlight the importance of sample size estimation and sampling techniques and offer suggestions for describing sample sizes in an easy-to-understand way. A brief overview of sample size calculation in health sciences research and the terminology used are provided. Techniques for estimating the sample size for health research are described with examples depending on the kind of study design. To estimate sample size, researchers must: Be aware of the statistical analysis that will be used; Decide on acceptable precision levels; Decide on study power; and specify the confidence that will be used. This method review’s displays a thorough explanation and simplicity of the sampling technique and the sample size formula that will assist in clarifying the mystery surrounding statistical equations for sampling technique and sample size estimates in healthcare and social science research.
Background
A proficient hydroponic system for the cultivation of Rhinacanthus nasutus has been implemented with the aim of augmenting rhinacanthin production. Elicitation stands out as a viable technique for bolstering the yield of rhinacanthin.
Materials and Methods
A hydroponics system of R. nasutus was treated with six elicitors, namely chitosan, Trichoderma harzianum extract, sodium alginate, lawsone, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid at three concentrations. A suitable elicitation period for the selected elicitor was also determined. The contents of rhinacanthin-C, -D, and -N accumulated were determined using an HPLC method.
Results
Amongst these, chitosan (0.15 mg/mL) and T harzianum extract (1.0 mg/mL) significantly enhanced rhinacanthin production and gave the highest total rhinacanthin content, up to 6.0-6.1% w/w, which was 2.2-fold higher than the untreated roots (2.7% w/w). In addition, lawsone (3.0 μM) and salicylic acid (100 μM) significantly increased rhinacanthin production up to 4.6% and 3.4% w/w, respectively, while neither methyl jasmonate nor sodium alginate increased rhinacanthin production. The suitable elicitor-contact periods for chitosan, T harzianum extract, and lawsone were 48, 24, and 72 h, respectively. Moreover, the leaves harvested from these optimized conditions also contained markedly high contents of rhinacanthins, up to 5.4%, 6.7%, and 5.1% w/w, respectively.
Conclusion
The present study established the optimized elicitation methods for the R. nasutus hydroponics system using chitosan, T harzianum extract, and lawsone as elicitors to obtain the high-rhinacanthin-producing roots and leaves. These hydroponics and elicitation systems might be alternative sources of the high-quality R. nasutus roots and leaves.
Background
A plethora of novel therapeutic strategies, notably urolithiasis therapy, are currently being spoke of into traditional medicine. A particularly significant herbal remedy that is employed in indigenous medicine for its antiurolithiatic property is Acalypha indica Linn. Although A. indica is widely used in traditional medicine as an antiurolithiatic, there is currently no scientific data to substantiate this claim. Moreover, deriving inferences from the suggested theories and limited in vitro investigation casts doubt on its significance. Hence, this work focuses on the preliminary evaluation, acute oral toxicity and in vitro evaluation for antiurolithiatic activity of A. indica.
Materials and Methods
Phytochemical evaluation was carried out using various standardized tests. Acute toxicity studies for Methanolic and Ethanolic extract of Roots and Leaves was conducted according to OECD guideline 420 using Wistar albino rats. The inhibitory activity of the extracts with concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 μg/mL on the nucleation of Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals was determined by a spectrophotometric assay.
Results
A phytochemical screening resulted in identification of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids with varying amounts in each extract. There were no signs of toxicity in the initial investigation on a single rat given a dosage of 2000 mg/kg of methanolic and ethanolic root and leaf extracts. The maximum inhibition was observed in Methanolic Root Extract (71.26%) at a concentration of 1000 mg/mL, which is followed by Ethanolic Leaf Extract (60.91%) at the same concentration.
Conclusion
Acalypha indica Linn. was discovered to possess therapeutic value in the management of urolithiasis.
Background
Leaves of the plant Ipomea marginata is commonly used in Indian folklore medicine to treat skin infections however the antibacterial property of Ipomea marginata against oral microorganisms causing gingivitis and periodontitis has not been explored till date. Hence, the present study is planned to compare and evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ipomea marginata with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth wash on select oral microorganisms.
Materials and Methods
Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of leaves of Ipomea marginata showed significant levels of secondary metabolites accountable for the antibacterial property of the leaves. Identification of the volatile constituents of the leaves of Ipomea margianta was carried out using GC-MS and nine volatile compounds were identified. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Ipomeamarginata was evaluated against S. mutans, T. denticola, T. forsythia and P. gingivalis which are the chief organisms indicated in the etiology of plaque induced gingivitis. The zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution method respectively and compared with gold standard 0.2% chlorhexidine. Time kills kinetics of test pathogens at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hr was also determined. The herbal extract exhibited statistically significant antibacterial property compared to standard chlorhexidine by agar disc diffusion method.
Results
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the herbal extract for S. mutans, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T forsythia was 6.25 μg/ mL, 100 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, respectively and for 0.2% chlorhexidine it was 25 μg/ mL, 12.5 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL respectively. Time kills kinetics revealed bactericidal activity of ethanolic extract of Ipomea marginata against oral microorganisms causing gingivitis in a time dependent manner.
Conclusion
Ethanolic extract of leaves of Ipomea marginata showed promising antibacterial activity compared to standard 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth wash.
Background
In the present work, molecular docking analysis was conducted on proposed protein derivatives from the protein data bank using the Auto Dock for Docking programme. study on protein binding affinity using 1-acetyl-3-(2-aminophenyl)-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione derivatives and the GABA receptor. Even if a number of innovative anticonvulsants have been created in India, some types of seizures are still not adequately controlled by smaller side effects even after the use of modern and revolutionary treatments.
Materials and Methods
Target-oriented virtual screening of ligands under investigation with adaptable molecular docking techniques. We can choose the most promising compounds for further study of various derivatives by evaluating the ligands’ affinity to the GABAA active sites. Via the inhibitor GABAergic route, a number of 5,5-diphenylimidazolidine derivatives were designed and investigated in silico.
Results
Using the AutoDock 4.2 programme, a number of molecules associated with 5,5-diphenylimidazolidine were investigated for molecular docking, acute prediction, and ADMET analysis. According to docking research, these molecules have at least one hydrogen bond stabilising them. The proposed composites were all investigated for Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) inhibitory exertion and all shown good in silico ADME and molecular docking results.
Conclusion
One of the essential enzymes for biosynthesis in many natural ecosystems, Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is present in both humans and animals. By meticulously replicating the prior pharmacological experiment’s circumstances, we are able to compare the outcomes and talk about certain commonalities in how molecule fragments affect anticonvulsant action. Docking score, ADMET analysis, acute toxicity prediction, and structural location of ligands in the active GABAA site enzyme were found to positively correlate, supporting the viability of target-based virtual screening as a way to expedite pharmacological screening.
Background
This study focuses on the development of a novel and environmentally friendly synthetic methodology for the production of a series of six 4-benzylidene-2-phenyloxazol- 5(4H)-one derivative (M1-M6). The approach involves a one-pot procedure utilizing hippuric acid, fused sodium acetate and various substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of acetic anhydride.
Purpose
The primary objective is to explore the potential antioxidant properties of the synthesized compounds and contribute to the understanding of azlactones as promising antioxidants. The study integrates experimental synthesis with in silico methodologies to comprehensively characterize the chemical and biological properties of the derivatives.
Materials and Methods
The synthesis process employed a combination of hippuric acid, fused sodium acetate and substituted aromatic aldehydes in a one-pot procedure. The chemical structures of the derivatives were characterized and validated through in silico techniques, including docking studies, drug-likeness assessments, bioactivity predictions, ADME profiling and toxicity evaluations.
Results
The in silico analyses provided insights into the molecular interactions, pharmacokinetic properties and safety profiles of the synthesized compounds. In vitro antioxidant potential was systematically investigated using the DPPH method, with compounds M3 and M5 demonstrating significant antioxidant activity at a concentration 40 μg/ mL showing (88% inhibition) and (85.7% inhibition) respectively, surpassing ascorbic acid as the reference standard.
Conclusion
This study successfully explores azlactones as potential antioxidants, combining experimental synthesis and in silico methodologies to characterize the chemical and biological properties of the synthesized derivatives. The notable antioxidant activity of compounds M3 and M5 positions them as promising candidates for further investigation. The findings establish a foundation for future research and development of these compounds in potential antioxidant-related therapeutic interventions.
Background
A heterocyclic hydrocarbon with distinct fundamental structural features in its molecular structure is imidazole. In Generalized seizure, patient brain has abnormal electrical activity on both sides of the brain but in partial seizures, it happens when electrical activity surges in one part of brain. In the present work, molecular docking analysis was conducted on proposed protein derivatives from the protein data bank using the Auto Dock for Docking programme. Study on protein binding affinity using N-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) acetamide derivatives and the GABA receptor. Even if a number of innovative anticonvulsants have been created in India, some types of seizures are still not adequately controlled by smaller side effects even after the use of modern and revolutionary treatments. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 65 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy. Nevertheless, epilepsy is an uncontrollable, neurological seizure.
Materials and Methods
2-cholro aniline, 2-nitro aniline, 3-nitro aniline, formic acid, acetamide, benzamide and ethanamide have been employed in this study.
Results
Our research led us to the conclusion that a variety of compounds have strong anticonvulsant properties. 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)- N-{2-[(3-nitrophenyl)amino]phenyl} acetamide OL4;2-{[(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) acetyl]amino}phenyl acetate OL5; 2-{[(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetyl]amino}phenyl propanoate OL6; N-(2-{[(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetyl]amino}phenyl)propanamide OL7 gives strong anti-convulsant effects against phenytoin drug.
Conclusion
The title compounds and its derivatives were examined for their ability to treat convulsions. Studies of the relationship between structure and activity revealed that compounds containing imidazole derivatives that have an electron-withdrawing group have higher activity than those that have an electron-donating group.
Background
Ayurvedic medicines have a lot of potential because of their comprehensive approach to illness care, yet there is a need for sufficient standardization before they can be used in mainstream medicine. Nevertheless, there is a lack of work efforts directed towards the concurrent assessment of biomarkers in polyherbal churna using HPTLC fingerprinting. The objective of this study is to explore bioactive principles such as Gallic acid, Berberine, and Trigonelline in polyherbal churna using HPTLC fingerprinting.
Materials and Methods
The in-house polyherbal churna is a blend of Amla, Methi, and Daruharidra. The formulation underwent a standardization process based on multiple quality control parameters. Using HPTLC technique, pharmacologically active biomarkers including gallic acid, trigonelline, and berberine were successfully identified. The mobile phase used for the HPTLC analysis was a mixture of Toluene: Ethylacetate: Glacial acetic acid: Water in the ratio of 2:3:4:1 v/v/v/v.
Results
The method developed exhibited linearity, specificity, reproducibility, robustness, and accuracy, ultimately redefining the characteristics of the approach and cost-effective. The examination confirmed the presence of three biomarkers in the polyherbal churna, with corresponding Rf values of 0.66 for gallic acid, 0.12 for trigonelline, and 0.61 for berberine, respectively.
Conclusion
The proposed HPTLC approach, which was developed, utilizes a more recent technique for simultaneously fingerprinting biomarkers from polyherbal formulations containing Amla, Methi, and Daruharidra. The method can be used for standardization of different herbal formulation containing these plant species.
Background
Triacontane and beta-sitosterol, though promising in various applications, face challenges due to low solubility and susceptibility to photosensitivity. Enhancing their effectiveness requires overcoming these limitations. Design of Experiment (DoE) coupled with High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) offers a potent approach to address these issues.
Materials and Methods
The HPTLC method was optimized using a Box-Behnken Design (BBD), considering factors like saturation time, migration distance and application length. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze critical risk factors' effects on the method. Validation parameters, including linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, solution stability and forced degradation studies, were assessed according to ICH guidelines. Additionally, a different fractions of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. plant extracts was analyzed.
Results
Triacontane and beta-sitosterol displayed distinct Rf values of 0.94±0.010 and 0.75±0.02 for triacontane and beta-sitosterol, respectively. The method demonstrated excellent linearity across the concentration range of 2-10 mg/band, with correlation coefficients of 0.999 triacontane and 0.9989 beta-sitosterol, respectively. Percentage recovery for both found within the range of 98.84-102.92%. This validated method offers specificity and robustness, ideal for routine quality control testing in pharmaceutical applications. Solution stability and forced degradation studies further supported the method's stability-indicating nature.
Conclusion
The stability-indicating HPTLC method, developed and validated using DoE approach, proved suitable for simultaneous estimation of triacontane and beta-sitosterol in Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. plant extracts. Compliance with ICH guidelines, coupled with robustness and specificity, positions it as a valuable tool for quality evaluation and standardization of herbal formulations.
Background
Tenofovir is an antiretroviral drug, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor formulated as tenofovir disoproxil in its saline form, which acts as a prodrug of tenofovir. Its clinical use is indicated in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). In this work, a solid oral formulation in coated tablets of tenofovir disoproxil has been designed, using an appropriate manufacturing process to overcome any possible problems of stability, compressibility and bioavailability.
Materials and Methods
Compatibility studies have been carried out through thermal analysis (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), pharmacotechnical characterization through analysis of flow time, angle of repose, Hausner Ratio and Carr Index, and Pharmacochemical characteristics (weight, hardness, disintegration, thickness and friability).
Results
In the pharmaceutical industry, the selection of the most correct tablet production method depends on the individual characteristics of the components and their ability to flow, compress and disintegrate. In this work, a wet granulation process was selected, key to achieving specific granulation, followed by compression and film coating. DSC and FT-IR spectral studies demonstrated that there is no interaction between the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the excipients. Excellent results were found in the pharmacotechnical and physicochemical characterization to obtain the tablets, demonstrating the adequate production process.
Conclusion
Tenofovir film coated tablets were successfully formulated using the wet granulation compression method and film coating. The methodologies used demonstrated the appropriate selection of the excipients in terms of physical and chemical compatibility and the suitability of the mixture for use in the process of obtaining the tablet.
Background
A Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) is a widely accepted counselling aid to educate patients. The current study aimed to prepare and validate an easy-to-understand PIL explicitly tailored for patients with Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF). Its psychometric properties were evaluated to confirm its reliability and readability.
Materials and Methods
Information was curated from credible sources and validated by experts using the Lawshe method. Readability and design were assessed with metrics like the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) Score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and the Baker-Able Leaflet Design (BALD) index. A user testing questionnaire was also developed and validated for reliability through test-retest methods. This same questionnaire evaluated the PIL's readability before and after exposure to the PIL, ensuring it effectively communicated crucial information to the target population.
Results
The English PIL scored 76.9 on FRE and four on FKGL, showing good readability. BALD scores were 29 (English) and 25 (Kannada and Malayalam), denoting excellent design quality across languages. A psychometric evaluation of 60 HFrEF patients (English [n=15], Malayalam [n=15], Kannada [n=30]) using a reliable UTQ (ICC=0.94) significantly improved the score from 36.81±10.6 to 88.29±10.11 (p<0.001), highlighting the ease of understanding. Moreover, 92% of patients provided favourable opinions about the PIL, describing it as well-designed and well-written.
Conclusion
This study underscores the significance of a well-developed and validated PIL as a potent educational resource, aiding health professionals in designing and assessing PIL using robust scientific methodologies.
Background
Sickle cell disease (HbSS) is one of the main hemoglobinopathies that affect the indigenous tribes and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The effectiveness and safety of alternative medicines for sickle cell disease patients require further scientific study. The proposed study was conducted to clinically evaluate the safety and effectiveness of T-AYU-HM Premium Tablet (300 mg).
Materials and Methods
This is a single-arm observational retrospective cohort study of 100 sickle cell disease subjects. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the clinical and vital information of the patients was acquired, assessed, and reported. A follow-up period of 120±10 days was deemed sufficient. Data were analysed using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS).
Results
The levels of haemoglobin (g/dL) (9.43±1.83 to 10.11±1.37) and red blood cells (/mm3) (3.89±0.81 to 4.18±0.64) were significantly improved (p<0.05). Reticulocyte count (%) changed significantly from 4.51±3.20 to 2.84±2.34. The number of blood transfusions (7.12±26.80 to 00) and the percentage of hospitalisations (76% to 00) that occurred more than six times prior to presentation were significantly reduced.
Conclusion
In this retrospective analysis, there were no reported adverse consequences. Patient's responses and all the clinical parameters like haematology, liver function parameters, clinical, and pain-associated symptoms with the disorder showed T-AYU-HM Premium to be an effective and safer therapy in the treatment of sickle cell anemia. Further well-planned interventional studies may become useful to justify the same.
Aim:
To Assess Serum fructosamine and glycosylated haemoglobin in diabetic subjects and their non-diabetic first-degree relatives, a comparative evaluation.
Background:
Glycosylated Hemoglobin has been used for decades for the diagnosis of diabetes. However, it is altered in situations including red blood cell wall defects, hemoglobinopathies and chronic renal failure. Therefore, the utility of short-term glycemic markers like serum fructosamine is gaining popularity.
Objectives:
The objective of this research is to assess Serum fructosamine levels in patients with Type II diabetes and their non-diabetic first-degree relatives.
Materials and Methods:
This research enrolled 300 participants. Group A comprised 100 diabetic patients, Group B contained 100 non-diabetic first-degree relatives (test group) of type II diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls with no immediate family history of Diabetes Mellitus were included in Group C.
Results:
Fasting blood sugar, postprandial sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum fructosamine levels and fasting insulin levels were tested in each case. The Serum Fructosamine levels (362.95±71.06 μmol/L) and HbA1c (8.59±1.99%) were raised in diabetes patients. The fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels were within the target levels in the first-degree relatives. There is a noteworthy difference in serum fructosamine levels between test and controls at p<0.05.
Conclusion:
Serum fructosamine can be used as a more robust marker than glycated hemoglobin for the early detection of diabetes in firstdegree relatives.
Background:
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder with hyperglycemia. Management of diabetes is a global health challenge. The goal of this research was designed to prospectively analyze the safety of Teneligliptin, as a supplement therapy in the management of Type 2 DM in south Indian population.
Materials and Methods:
302 subjects with diabetes who received teneligliptin (20 mg, oral dose) for a minimum of two months were varied with teneligliptin received for six months. The baseline data before initiating the teneligliptin treatment has also been assessed in the study and any changes in each study parameter were analyzed after two and six months of teneligliptin therapy, respectively. Efficacy was measured for all the patients after supplemental therapy on teneligliptin and was achieved by calculating FPG, BSPP for two, four, six months and HbA1c value at the sixth month from the baseline value.
Results:
The results show that there is a statistically significant FPG, BSPP and HbA1c values compared to that of the baseline value. It is evident that safety was achieved by supplemental therapy on teneligliptin at the dose of 20 mg. In this study, add-on therapy of teneligliptin with other 3 or 4 oral antidiabetic drugs has been used to control the glucose level.
Conclusion:
However, there are no hypoglycemic episodes found in our study and hence, it is concluded that teneligliptin achieved good blood glucose control and is well tolerated.
Background:
As per National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, depression and anxiety are common mental health disorders. Antidepressants are used in the treatment of these disorders. It is well acknowledged that antidepressants can lead to Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). Comprehending the common ADRs linked to antidepressants is beneficial for improving patient safety, promoting rational prescribing practices and encouraging enhanced adherence to treatment.
Purpose:
To analyze the incidence of adverse drug reactions and evaluate their causality, severity and predictability for medications utilized in the treatment of common mental health disorders.
Materials and Methods:
This prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Puducherry from July 2020 to November 2023. The participants were patients diagnosed with a common mental health disorder as per DSM-5. Participants were monitored for ADRs during every follow-up visit for 6 months from the baseline visit.
Results:
This research enrolled 216 patients and data from 144 patients who attended at least one follow-up appointment during the six-month follow-up period were included in the analysis. The overall incidence rate of ADRs was found to be 38.2%. Selective Serotonin Inhibitors (SSRIs) contributed to over 60% of the reported ADRs. The majority of reactions were classified as possible (85.8%) in causality assessment and a noteworthy proportion of these reactions were mild (63.2%) and predictable (91.5%).
Conclusion:
The research reveals a 38.2% incidence rate of ADRs. Majority of the ADRs were ‘possible’, ‘mild’ and ‘predictable’. Ongoing surveillance can aid in the detection, mitigation and prevention of ADRs.
Background:
Oral Anticoagulant is a therapy indicated for thromboembolic disorders, which requires close observation of the international normalized ratio and patient education for better therapeutic outcomes. Management of Oral Anticoagulation Therapy (OAT) in cardiovascular disease is one greater concern because of numerous drug-related problems and non-compliance towards medications due to poor knowledge. As a result, the pharmacist offers patient counseling to improve knowledge. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the knowledge score of the patients about anticoagulation therapy and its impact on international normalized ratio levels in patients undergoing oral anticoagulation therapy.
Materials and Methods:
A randomized controlled study among 102 patients in the Cardiology department. Patient information leaflet and patient counseling on oral anticoagulation therapy were given as Interventions. Knowledge level was assessed from the baseline and followed in the first and third months.
Results:
A total of 102 patients actively participated in the study. Considering the area of knowledge, no more significant difference was seen in either group (U=1018, p-value=0.058) during the pre-test. Following the intervention, a notable disparity was observed in the Intervention group (U=528.00, p=0.0001). The mean INR is significantly different between the control and intervention groups in the therapeutic range (t=-5.80, p=0.0001*) and the supratherapeutic range (t=-3.42, p=0.002*).
Conclusion:
A collaborative educational approach with a pharmacist helps to improve the patient's knowledge of anticoagulation control. Establishing a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service for the benefit of patients so that a clinical pharmacist can manage anticoagulation effectively and provide the best treatment.
Background:
Self-medication is a major concern for health authorities worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Self-medication and its associated factors in a rural community of India.
Materials and Methods:
A cross sectional prospective community based unicentric study was designed and conducted for a period of 10 months from July 2022 to May 2023 in a newly established Drug Information and Patient Counseling Centre at a rural setup in India. The data was acquired; compiled and categorized. Continuous data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, while descriptive analysis was expressed aspercentage.
Results:
Of the total 312 participants, 237 were found to have practiced Self-medication. Analysis of the data revealed that the prevalence of Self-medication in the region was 67.13%. People with a college degree (52.32%) and middle-class incomes (55.27%) were found to practice Self-medication in higher number. The most frequently used drugs for self-medication in the area were analgesics and antipyretics (24.05%), followed by acid suppressants (17.29%).
Conclusion:
In this study, the prevalence of self-medication was determined to be 67.13%. It was noticed that a higher education did not prevent people from developing the habit of Self-medication; rather, it played a significant role in it. Therefore, in order to encourage the public to understand the serious consequences of Self-medication, the Drug control authorities and health policy makers need to invest some resources in this effort by engaging clinical pharmacists in rural areas.
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease is a leading cause of dementia in the world which is characterized by progressive cognitive decline. The increasing number of cases of Alzheimer’s disease has increased the necessity of healthcare professionals trained in management of Alzheimer’s disease. It has also become necessary to include community pharmacist into AD management team as they can counsel the patients and family members, ensure medication adherence, lookout for drug related problems etc., which in turn improves the quality of care provided to patients. For this reason, it has become necessary to assess the level of knowledge and thus provide relevant training to the community pharmacist regarding Alzheimer’s disease. The current cross-sectional observational study was carried out with the aim of assessing the level of knowledge towards Alzheimer’s disease among the community pharmacists of North Karnataka.
Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted with the help of a questionnaire which was circulated via Google forms and consists of two sections namely the demographic details of the participants and questions from the validated ADKS (Alzheimer’s disease Knowledge Scale) scale. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used for analysis of the data.
Results:
The mean ADKS score of the 100 community pharmacists who participated in the study was found to be 15.03±3.66 SD. The difference in mean ADKS score was more prominent among participants with different educational qualification degrees, between different age groups and also between participants from urban and rural settings.
Conclusion:
The knowledge of community pharmacists can be improved by conducting training sessions, seminars, and workshops regarding AD at regular time intervals.
Objectives:
The main objective of the study was to assess Knowledge of oral hygiene practices during the pandemic and its post-COVID-19 impact among the community of Delhi and NCR region.
Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among the local population of Delhi and NCR during April and May of 2022. Links to the survey were sent by email and several social media platforms, including WhatsApp. Before answering any questions on the questionnaire, participants were asked to read the study's information and provide their informed permission.
Results:
A total of 516 people did the survey and their responses were included in data analysis. 78 (15.12) agreed and 379 (73.455) said no access and 59(11.43%) said not always with a p-value<0.05. 464 (89.92%) agreed that they experienced anxiety and fear during COVID-19 related to their oral hygiene whereas 52 (10.08%) did not, with p-value<0.05. 406 (76.68%) agreed on receiving guidance and recommendations from a dental or a health professional to maintain or improve oral health during COVID-19 whereas 110 (21.32%) disagreed with p-value<0.05.
Conclusion:
Teledentistry was merely used; its use must be encouraged to provide online services to patients in such a pandemic situation. Yet people tried to change their oral hygiene habits and diet to improve their oral health.
Background:
Pharmacovigilance is defined by the European Commission (EU) as the “Process and science of monitoring the safety of medicines and taking action to reduce the risks and increase the benefits of medicine”. The purpose of this study is to evaluate medical interns and medical post graduate students’ current pharmacovigilance knowledge, attitudes, and practices at tertiary care hospitals.
Materials and Methods:
A Cross-sectional questionnaire- based survey was employed and a convenience sampling was opted to collect the data among Medical Interns and Medical PG in tertiary care hospital from December 2022 to July 2023.
Results:
The study evaluated the understanding and attitude of Medical Interns and Medical PGs students towards pharmacovigilance. The majority of participants correctly comprehended the study's objectives, India's regulatory body, and the newly banned medications, which were statistically significant. In terms of attitude, most participants agreed on the importance of reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR), which was statistically significant. Regarding the practice of pharmacovigilance, participants agreed to experience ADR in patients, see the ADR Reporting Form, and keep records of ADR, all of which were statistically significant. However, certain aspects such as the definition, methods, international monitoring center, suspected ADR system, training on reporting ADR, and willingness to report ADR were not statistically significant. Overall, the study suggests a fair knowledge among the participants regarding pharmacovigilance.
Conclusion:
This study determined the Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and practice of Pharmacovigilance among Medical Interns and Medical Post Graduates in a tertiary care hospital. According to the current study, the majority of Medical Interns and Medical Post Graduates were knowledgeable and supportive of pharmacovigilance, however they are not as effective in practice. In view of the previously stated, actions are required to instruct, empower, and train Medical Interns and Medical Post Graduates in the field of pharmacovigilance.
Background
Type II diabetes mellitus poses substantial management challenges, and self-administered insulin management is crucial in diabetes care. Nonetheless, numerous patients encounter difficulties in insulin administration. This study sought to assess knowledge and practice of self-administering insulin in diabetes mellitus patients, as well as examine associations with socio-demographic factors.
Materials and Methods
A quantitative descriptive research design was employed, and 300 patients were selected through non-probability convenient sampling. Data collection utilized self-structured and validated questionnaires and checklists. Ethical approval was obtained from the Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Institutional Ethical Committee under reference number: BNPG181D19021.
Results
The findings indicated that the participants had differing levels of knowledge and practical application. Among them, 72.33% (n=217) displayed a moderate level of knowledge, while 27.66% (n=83) demonstrated adequate level of knowledge. In terms of their practical skills, 77% (n=231) exhibited an average level of practice, while 11.67% (n=35) and 4.33% (n=13) displayed good and excellent practice, respectively. Notably, no significant correlation was found between knowledge and practice scores (knowledge mean: 10.88±0.5017, practice mean: 2.13±0.5749). Five demographic variables were associated with knowledge scores, while six variables were linked to practice scores.
Conclusion
This study reveals a deficiency in both knowledge and practice regarding insulin self-administration. Addressing this issue requires a focus on improving patient education and practice. Physicians and trained nurses should play a pivotal role in providing insulin self-administration education during hospital follow-up visits. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted interventions to enhance diabetes care and patient outcomes.
Evans syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of two or more cytopenias, most commonly Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA), regardless of immune neutropenia. Evans' syndrome is a rare condition and its prevalence rate is relative low (estimated prevalence to be around 0.5 to 1 case per 2 million). We describe a case of a 16-year-old female patient affected, who was admitted with complaints, of generalized weakness, pale skin and sever bleeding. The symptoms were controlled by treating with Tab. Azithromycin, Tab. Prednisolone, Tab. Pantoprazole, Tab. Folic Acid and through a blood transfusion. During the follow-up period, it was observed that the patient's platelet count, hemoglobin levels and white blood cell count remained lower than normal. This persistent abnormality suggested that the patient's condition fit the diagnosis of Evans, syndrome. Diagnosing Evans syndrome is crucial, as it helps identify and address the autoimmune disorder. Early diagnosis in this case may allow for timely medical intervention and reducing complications
