Schizophrenia is a long-term and serious mental disorder that affects an individual’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. Affected individuals often appear detached from reality and exhibit reduced involvement in everyday tasks. It presents with positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms, such as emotional disturbances, and cognitive challenges in mental functioning (Aubel, 2021). Globally, approximately 21 million people suffer from schizophrenia, with 12 million males and 9 million females affected (Chaudhariet al., 2024).

Amisulpride (Figure 1) belongs to the second generation of antipsychotics with the molecular name 4-amino-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzam, and a new atypical antipsychotic drug has demonstrated efficacy in addressing both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Owing to its interaction with two central nervous system receptors, dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5-HT2A), it can be used to treat schizophrenia.

Figure 1:
Chemical Structure of Amisulpride.

Compared with typical antipsychotic drugs, it exhibits a lower occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects and is better tolerated. At present, Amisulpride is widely utilized for the management of various forms of schizophrenia (Abdelbary & AbouGhaly, 2015; Purushottam Agrawalet al., 2020; Telange et al., 2016) .

Amisulpride is formulated into niosomes to enhance its delivery to the brain for schizophrenia treatment. Oral administration is associated with poor solubility and limited blood–brain barrier permeability, resulting in low cerebral bioavailability. Niosomes composed of nonionic surfactants improve drug encapsulation and stability. Intranasal delivery enables direct nose-to-brain transport via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways, thereby bypassing the blood–brain barrier. This targeted approach enhances brain uptake, reduces systemic exposure, and supports sustained release, ultimately improving the therapeutic efficacy (Patilet al., 2023).

Pharmaceuticals hold a crucial and progressively important position throughout the entire progression of drug development (Mortimer, 2004). As the importance of amisulpride continues to expand in the management of psychiatric disorders, there is an increasing demand for convenient and rapid approaches to continuously evaluate and guarantee the quality of available formulations in the market (Behera, 2012).

A literature survey reveals that there is a limited UV spectroscopy method for quantifying amisulpride in bulk, nanoformulation, and marketed formulations.

The present study aimed to develop and validate a UV spectrophotometric method, which is simple, accurate, highly efficient, and repeatable for analyzing amisulpride in bulk, nano formulation, and marketed tablets.

Amisulpride was provided as a gift sample from Symed Laboratories, Hyderabad. The reagents and chemicals used in the analysis were obtained from KLE College of Pharmacy, KAHER, Belagavi, and they were of pure and high analytical quality. For the analysis, a Shimadzu UV-Spectrophotometer, model UV-1900, equipped with UV probe software was employed. The drug sample was weighed using a calibrated weighing balance during the investigation.

Amisulpride was quantified using a Shimadzu UV-1900 spectrophotometer equipped with UV-Probe software, utilizing a solvent mixture of methanol and water in a 77:23 ratio, with a detection wavelength at 280 nm. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, evaluating parameters such as linearity (ranging from 2 to 10 µg/mL), precision (across six replicates), accuracy (at recovery levels of 50%, 100%, and 150%), ruggedness, robustness, and the Limits of Detection (LOD) and Quantification (LOQ). Niosomes were prepared by ethanol injection using Span-60 and cholesterol, and their particle size, zeta potential, and morphology were assessed using dynamic light scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Statistical analysis involved calculations of %RSD, regression coefficients, and standard deviation-based determinations of LOD and LOQ.

To authenticate the newly formulated method parameters in accordance with the ICH guidelines (specifically, ICH guidance Q2A and Q2B), a validation process was pursued (El Assasyet al., 2019). Validation refers to the process outlined by (ICH). It involves obtaining documented evidence to ensure a high level of confidence in the consistent production of a desired outcome of readings that meet predetermined specifications and quality standards. The method validation procedure involved the assessment of the following parameters (Humaira & Dey, 2008).

A precise quantity of 10 mg of amisulpride was weighed and placed into a 10 mL volumetric flask. The volumetric flask was filled with a methanol-water mixture (77:23 v/v). The clear solution was created by sonicating it using a bath sonicator (Gschwendet al., 2006).

The analyte’s identity was assessed by examining a 10 µg/mL concentration of the respective stock solution within the spectral range of 400 to 200 nm for Amisulpride using a methanol-water mixture (77:23 v/v).

Accurately measuring Amisulpride in bulk, niosome, and commercial formulations is essential. These factors were assessed to ensure that there was no interference from excipients or other external substances. The absence of absorbance at 280 nm in blank samples confirmed the method’s specificity and selectivity.

Linearity was assessed by analysing amisulpride dilutions (2-10 µg/mL) at 280 nm. This process was repeated three times to ensure its consistency.

The Detection Limit (LOD) is the smallest quantity of analyte in a sample that can be detected. The Quantification Limit (LOQ) is the minimum concentration of the analyte within a sample that can be properly and precisely quantified (Manojaet al., 2012).

The LOD and LOQ were calculated using the following set of equations: LOD = 3.3 SD of the y-intercept divided by the slope of the calibration curve and LOQ = 10 times SD of the y-intercept divided by the slope of the calibration curve(Papoutsiset al., 2014) .

LOD = 3.3 regression standard deviation/ Slope.

LOQ = 10 regression standard deviation/ Slope.

Precision tests were performed to determine the reliability of the proposed analytical approach. Six duplicates at a concentration of 4 µg/mL were analysed for repeatability. Absorbance was measured on the same day to ensure intraday accuracy. Precision analysis involved preparing a 4 µg/mL drug solution and testing it at three-time intervals during the day to assess inter-day precision. This technique was performed for three separate days to compute the percentage Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) as a measure of accuracy (Sharmaet al., 2010; Naiket al., 2025).

The method’s ruggedness and robustness were validated through systematic absorbance measurements of amisulpride at 280 nm. Ruggedness was confirmed by testing across different analysts and UV spectrophotometers, showing consistent results via mean, standard deviation, and %RSD. Robustness was demonstrated by slightly altering the detector wavelength (+2 nm) and analyzing the statistical consistency of the absorbance data, affirming the method’s reliability under minor, intentional variations in analytical conditions (Kochlinget al., 2016).

The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated using recovery experiments by increasing the concentration of pure amisulpride (50, 100, and 150%) in the samples (Khanet al., 2017).

Amisulpride-loaded Niosomes (AMSNs) were developed using the ethanol injection method. Span-60, cholesterol, and amisulpride (50 mg) were precisely weighed and dissolved in 10 mL of ethanol by bath sonication at approximately 60°C. At the same temperature, the clear organic solution was promptly transferred into a water solution, which was vigorously agitated with a Teflon-coated bead at 500 revolutions per minute (Remi magnetic stirrer). The aqueous solution immediately changed to a milky solution, indicating niosome production. To evaporate ethanol, the resultant solution was vacuumed for 15 min and agitated for an hour. Finally, the volume of the niosomal dispersion was adjusted to   30 ml by adding water (Patilet al., 2023).

Amisulpride-loaded niosomes were physicochemically characterized to determine their average particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. This assessment was performed using a Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). The niosomal dispersion was appropriately diluted in distilled water (1:10) for the measurements. Folded capillary cells (DTS 1060) were used,  and all measurements were performed at 25 °C. The measurements were repeated three times to ensure accuracy (Sitaet al., 2020).

The morphology and surface characteristics of the niosomes were assessed using high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) at DST-SAIF, Cochin. A small volume of the amisulpride-loaded niosomal formulation was placed on a carbon-coated copper grid, and the sample was analyzed using TEM (Swartz & Krull, 2018).

The proposed UV Spectrophotometric technique offers an accurate, cost-effective, and convenient approach for amisulpride analysis. This approach underwent thorough validation following ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines, confirming its dependability, precision, and adherence to regulatory standards.

The highest absorbance in a methanol/water mixture (77:23) was found at a wavelength of 280 nm (Figure 2).

Figure 2:
UV-spectrum of amisulpride in methanol and water (77:23).

The calibration plot for amisulpride was linear with a coefficient of correlation of 0.998 (Figure 3).

Figure 3:
Standard calibration curve for Amisulpride.

Linearity was assessed by analysing amisulpride dilutions (2-10 µg/mL) at 280 nm; the correlation coefficient (r²) confirmed the linearity of the calibration curves. The correlation coefficient for amisulpride was 0.998.

LOD and LOQ were observed to be 0.58 μg/mL and 1.2 μg/mL, respectively.

Intraday and interday experiments were conducted on separate days, and the results indicated minimal differences between them. This result suggests that the proposed methodology is consistent and reliable. The precision results, along with the relative variance calculations, are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively (Ramanet al., 2015).

Ruggedness was assessed by performing the assay under the same conditions on different days using different analysers, with different tools, and at different times. The test results consistently fell within the range of 99-101%, indicating the robustness of the method. The robustness was further confirmed by performing the assay at different wavelengths. The Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) was below 2%, which was well within the specified limit, as shown in Table 3 (Rathod & Desai, 2015).

The accuracy of the proposed method was verified using the classical addition method, recovering in the range of 97-101.30% (Rapalliet al., 2020). The results are depicted in Table 4.

The stability of amisulpride in the solution was evaluated by calculating the Relative Standard Deviation (% RSD) of the absorbance values obtained from both freshly prepared solutions and previously prepared solutions containing amisulpride. Upon evaluation, the analytical results were found to be within acceptable limits, confirming the stability of the standard stock solution. The investigation on solution stability spanned a period of four days, (Skibińskiet al., 2007).

The zeta potential of apremilast niosomes was determined to be -23.6 mV, with a particle size of 200.89 nm. TEM confirms smooth, oval-shaped particles

Amisulpride was quantified in bulk, in various marketed products, such as Solian tablet and Sulpitac tablet, along with the Niosomal formulations. (Senet al., 2016). The formulations showed a spectrum at a wavelength of approximately 277 nm, which was close to the observed absorption maxima of amisulpride. The corresponding peaks in the spectrum can be attributed to the different excipients used in the formulations (Figure 4).

Figure 4:
UV Spectrum of marketed products and Niosomal Formulation of Amisulpride.

The developed UV spectrophotometric method represents a distinct advancement in the quantitative analysis of amisulpride, combining simplicity, sensitivity, and environmental sustainability. Unlike earlier methods such as that of (Humaira & Dey, 2008), which utilized 0.1 N HCl at 226.5 nm and risked analyte instability, the present approach employs a methanol:water system at 280 nm, optimizing excipient transparency and reducing instrument corrosion. While visible spectrophotometric methods reported by (venumadhav, 2010) and (Rao, n.d.) achieved high linearity (0.9995–0.9999) through diazotization reactions, their reliance on toxic reagents and multistep procedures made them inconsistent with green analytical chemistry principles. The newly developed method addresses these limitations through a non-toxic and cost-efficient solvent system that achieves superior LOD (0.58 µg/mL) and LOQ (1.2 µg/mL) values, thereby enabling sensitive and reliable quantification. As the first validated UV spectrophotometric method for amisulpride-loaded niosomes, it supports advanced formulation studies while maintaining compliance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Demonstrating excellent linearity (r² = 0.998), precision (%RSD < 2%), and recovery (97–101.3%), the method achieves HPLC-comparable accuracy with minimal infrastructure requirements, making it suitable for routine quality control in resource-limited environments. Robustness and ruggedness evaluations confirmed reproducibility across analysts and wavelengths. The optimized niosomal formulation exhibited a mean particle size of 200.89 nm and a zeta potential of -23.6 mV, indicative of colloidal stability favorable for intranasal delivery in schizophrenia treatment. Overall, this eco-friendly and reproducible UV spectrophotometric approach provides a sustainable, practical, and analytically sound alternative for the quantification of amisulpride in bulk, niosomal, and commercial formulations.

A validated UV spectrophotometric method was successfully developed for precise quantification of amisulpride in bulk, niosomal, and commercial formulations. Demonstrating excellent linearity, precision, and accuracy with recovery rates of 97–101.3%, this eco-sustainable approach offers a cost-effective alternative to chromatographic techniques, aligning with ICH Q2 (R1) standards. The formulated niosomes exhibited optimal colloidal stability (particle size: 200.89 nm, zeta potential: –23.6 mV), supporting effective intranasal brain delivery for schizophrenia therapeutics.

The authors are thankful to KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi for their support in carrying out this research work.